Radiation meter device



Nov. 4, 1958 H. E. HOLLMANN RADIATION METER DEVICE Filed Nov. l2, 1953 hum FIG. 2

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INVENTOR HANS E. HOLLMANN I l I BY l/ ATTORNEY` United States Patent (Tice The invention described herein may be manufactured land used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without therpayment of any'royalties thereon or therefor.

The present invention relates to a radiation meter device and more particularly to a radiation meter device utilizing electret means for charging the device.

The present invention concerns portable radiation meters adapted to be carried about by a person to meas-V ure'radiation intensity and avoid overexposure. Since the development of -atomic energy, the need has arisen for a simple and inexpensive meter which will provide scientists and technicians who work in the vicinity of radioactive substances with a quick and reliable indica-Y tion of the amount of radiation to which they have been exposed during a given period of time. Furthermore, in the event of an atomic war, such meters will be required in large numbers for civilians yand military personnel who may be exposed to radiation subsequent to the explosion of an atomic bomb or the like. As radiation meters for disaster use are needed in large numbers, they must be simple and inexpensive to manufacture, and since the meters will be used by persons unfamiliar with such devices, they must be rugged, easy to use, and reliable in operation. In case of an atomic disaster, there is also the possibility that no batteries will be available and that there will be a failure of electric power, and it is therefore desirable 'that such meters be self-contained, requiring no external source of power. The maintenance required for the meters should also be kept to a minimum, avoidingfthe use `of batteries or other sources of power which must be replaced from time to time, if possible.

.Prior art radiation meters have proved disadvantageous for a variety of reasons.` Such devices are complicated and expensive in construction, and unskilled personnel have ditiiculty in operating them. Known devices which require no external source of power employ some means of producing an electrostatic charge such as highly polished beads in a metalrcontainer or a miniature intluence machine. Such electrostatic generator sources for producing the charge in the devices areV unsatisfactory since wear and tear on the parts often prevents the generation of a suicient chargel to operate the meter. In addition, it is very diicult and time consuming to develop the same potential between therelectrodes ofsuch devices each time they are charged. Since radiation Y meters are-calibrated for a certain initial potential existing' between the electrodes thereof, readings obtained from the meters will be inaccurate when the initial potential `between the electrodes is not of the properV magnitude.

The invention device utilizes an arrangement which ismsimple and inexpensive in construction, and it may be quickly and easily used yby unskilled personnel. An electretl means which is suitably mounted in the device is utilized to charge thevelectrodes thereof, and therefore no external source of power is required. The electret produces a substantially constant electrical potential between the electrodes of the device each time it is employed for charging, and consequently, accurate and reliable readings are obtained.

An object of theA present invention is the provision of a new and novel radiation meter device which. may be dependably used by persons unfamiliar with such devices.

Another object is to provide a new.l and novel radiation meter device which is self-contained, requiring no external source of power. Y v g A A further object of the invention'is the provision `of a new and novel radiation meter device which is ,simple and inexpensive in construction, yet rugged and Yreliable: in operation. Y y g Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

Fig. 1 is an isometric view of a preferred embodiment Iof the device with a portion-of the housing cut away, and Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section view of a modification of the device.

As used herein, the term electret is intended to denote a member which is composed at least partially of adielectric substance in which a permanent state of electrostatic polarization has ibeen set up. A member composed of suchasubstance will exhibit a substantially constant electrical Vcharge indefinitely without apparent diminution. Suitable dielectric 4substances may be composed vfor example of thermoplastics, glass, alkaline earth titanates and the like, or of mixtures such' as 50% Carnauba wax and 50% hydrogenated rosin. The manufacture VVand composition of electrets are well-known in the art, and it should be understood that any member exhibiting a permanent state of electrostatic polarization may be utilized in the present invention. q

Referring now to the drawing, there is shown in Fig.` l a hollow housing or body member 10 with the front half cut away for illustration, the housing being ,generally elliptical in cross-sectional configuration and havingA an enclosed chamber or cavity 11 formed therein. The housing is composed of an electrically nonconductive material which freely passes radioactive radiation such as synthetic resins, plastics or the like.V The housing is hermetically sealed, a gas such as air being disposed in chamber'11, and a suitable desiccant such as lime or the like may also be disposed within the chamber. A' transparent window 12formed of glass or the like and having indicia 13'scribed thereon is mounted in a lateral portion of member 10, and a similar window (not shown), is mounted diametrically opposite window 12 in that lateral portion of housing 10 which has been cnt away. Window 12 may be a magnifying lensto facilitate the reading of deections `of the indicating means'of the device relative to indicia 13. Indicia 13 are suitably spaced from one another to provide a .calibrated scale such that correct readings may be obtained therewith.

A thin layer of electrically conductive material 14 is secured to the inner surface of housing 10, andmayy l comprise, for instance, tin foil whichl may be glued to housing 10, or a thin copper coating which mayv be end portion 16 on the inner periphery of the housing and has a cavity formed therein, the top of the container being open. An electret member 17 is normally disposed within the container in the position shown in the Patented Nov. 4, 1958 drawing,'and it should be electrically connected to layer 14 which is alsordisposed on end portion 16 of the housing. Member 17 is generally rectangular in configuration and ts snugly within the cavity. formed in the storage container, the lengthwise dimensionsof, the storage container and the'electret being parallel. with the transverse axis of an elliptical Cross-section of housing 19. Container ispreferably formed-of a substance such as .lead which is impervious to radioactive radiation in order to protect the electret from radiation, and the interior ofA the container is preferably providedwith a lining of steel wool or numerous contact springs adapted tocont'act the electret to provide a short-circuit alongY the surfaces ofthe electret. When the surfaces ofthe electret are thusl short-circuited, the container" serves Vas a keeper whichserves to preserve the .ele'ctrication ofthe electret in a manner similar to thatV wherein a piece `of iron placed between the poles of a :permanent magnet serves to preserve thel magnetism thereof.V y Y- Two guide rods 20 and 21 formed of electrically nonconductive material such 'as cer-amies or the likeextend downwardly throughthe open end of container 15, the lower ends `of the rods being secured to the inner periphery of the lower-surface 22 of the container.V Rods 20 and 21 pass through two complementary passages 123 and-'24 respectively which extend longitudinally -through the electret. whereby when the device is inverted, the electret is adapted to slide axially with respect to the guide rods. The rods extend upwardly through the open lower end of a hollow charging container' 2,5, and the upper ends ofthe rods are secured to the lower surface of the upper wall 26 of the charging container. Y

Container 25 isformed of a suitable electrically conductive material -sucrh as copper, iron-or the like, and two arms 27 and 28vare formedintegralV therewith, extending upwardly-from'opposite lateral portions of the container. A metallic'spindle 30 is journaled at its opposite ends in the outer -end portions of arms 27 -and 2S, and a' metallic needle 31 is xed at the mid-point thereof to the spindle such that the needleV and spindle rotate as a unit. 'Ihe needle has enlarged end portions 32 and 33 formed of electrically conductive material such as copnoted that container 15 is the bar serving as a stop means -which is adaptedvto be engaged by the needle and thereby limitithe rotational Y periphery of member 44 is symmetrical and concentric f with the axis of spindle 30; however, the inner peripheries of the two halves 45' and 46 of the ring are eccentric with Vrespect to the' axis of spindle 30. The thickness of leftl halfI 45 of ring 44 increases from the lower to the upper portion 45"thereof, while the thickness of the right half46 of the ring increases correspondingly from the upper to the lower portion 46' thereof. It is thus seen that the upper portion of ring segment Y45 and the lower portion of ring segment 46 lie closest to the circular arcs defined by the'enlarged,end'portions 32 and 33, respectively, of needle 31'on rotation thereof. v y i Needle 31 and end portions 32, 33 comprise one electrode of thedevice and ring 44 comprises the other electrodethereof, it being apparent that upon, charging the electrodes with charges of different polarity, needle 31 will'- be rotated in arclockwise direction against, the force 4 Y Y" r of'spring 34 from its starting position where end portions 32 and 33 of the needle are adjacent the thin portions of ring segments 45 and 46, respectively, into theposition shown in the drawing, where such end portions of needle 31 are adjacent the thick portions 45 and 46', respectively, of ring 44.

A bolt 50 is threaded through an opening in housing Y however, means is providedfor selectively electrically connecting container 25 to ring 44 and container 15. A small hollow metallic tube 53 is secured to the upper surface of Wall 26 of container 25, and a cylindricallyshaped metallic pin or contact 54 is yslidablyriitted within a 'i complementarilyl Ishaped cavity formed in 'the tube. 'I'heA upper endrof the tube is open whereby pin 54j is adapted to slide out of the tube 'and engage the lower surface 55 of the ring adjacent thereto when the device is Vinverted fromrthe position shown in the drawing. f

The operation of the device shown in Fig. 1f'is` a follows: Y

. The housing is vnormally held in the position shown: Y

in the drawing'with electret 17 disposedjwithin storage container 15 and pin 54 positionedwithintube 53 VsoV as .to be out of engagement with ring 44. When thedevice is completely discharged, needle 31fis urged Ainto engage.- ment with bar 35 under the inlluence of spring 34.Y

When it is desired.V to charg'e'thc device, housing 10 is inverted and electret 17 slides yalong rods 20 and 21 until the Vupper surface 1,8,of the electret engages, the;

lower surface of wall 26 on container 25. At thersame time, pin 54 slides partially out of tube 53 Aand engages the lower surface 55 of ring Ll-4thereby .electrically .con-

necting container'25 to ring 44 andto Ycontainer 15 through the intermediary of bolt 50 and'layer' 14. f

Assuming that the upper surface 181of Ithe electret is positively charged and that the lowerzsurfacel? thereof is correspondingly negatively .charge'd, when .the electret is disposedwithin container 25,jthe".positive chargesy ,on surface 18 vattract negativechargesito the lower surface of wall 26 and the .positive charges' on the container;v are repelled through pin 54 vto ring 44, bolt 50, layer14 and container. 15.V The housingi's then' inverted to rits original position as shown infthe drawing, whereupon pin154-disenga`ges from surface 55 of ring 44 and slides back within tube 53, and electret 17 simuli taneonsly'slides back within container' 15. Container 25, needle 31 and end portions 32, 33 are'then negatively charged and ring 44 is positively charged whereby needle 31 is urged into the position shown in Fig. lbdue to thef attractionbetween the oppositely charged needle VVVand ring.

meter is subjected to radiation, the gasfrwithinchamber 11 will ionize, causing. the device to'dis'charg'eV whereupon the 'needle will be urged connterclockwise by spring 34as'the attraction between the electrodes weakens.V It Y is evident that the meter will measure the total'radiation to which it has been exposed, and therefore `by observing the movement of needle 31 relative to indicia 13, a person is enabled to determine the amount of radi- The meter is then readyV for operationl and the induced chargewill remain -on the device for along period of time unless radiation causes it t'o discharge. Asthe l the container 15 and the device will be recharged and ready for operation.

` Referring now to Fig. 2, there is shown a modification of the device including a hollow housing 60 approximately the size of a conventional fountain pen and formed of the same material as housing in Fig. 1, the housing being hermetically sealed and having a gas such as air and a suitable desiccant disposed Within an enclosed chamber or cavity 61 formed therein. A transparent window 62 formed of glass or the like and having suitable indicia 63 scribed thereon is mounted in a lateral portion of member 60, and a similar window (not shown), is mounted 4diametrically opposite window '62 in that lateral portion of housing 60 which has been cut away. As in the device shown in Fig. 1, window 62 may be a magnifying lens to facilitate the taking of readings with the device. A thin layer of metallic material 64 is secured to the inner periphery of housing 60 for the same purpose and in a manner similar to that in which layer 14 is disposed on the inner periphery of housing 10 in Fig. l.

A cylindrical storage container 65 is secured to flattened end portion 66 on the inner periphery of the housing and has a cavity formed therein, the top of the container being open, and an electret member 67 is normally disposed within the container in the position shown in the drawing. It should be noted that container 65 is electrically connected to layer 64 which is also disposed on end portion 66 of the housing. Member 67 is substantially cylindrical in configuration and ts snugly within the cavity formed in the storage container. Container 65 is preferably formed of lead or the like and provided with a lining of steel wool or numerous contact springs for the same purpose and in a manner similar to that of container in Fig. l.

Electret 67 is provided with a ring 70 formed of a suitable magnetic material such as iron or the like, the ring being disposed within a circumferential groove formed about the middle or neutral zone of the electret.

A guide rod 71 formed of electrically non-conductiver A ring-shaped permanent magnet 80 formed of Alnico or the like has a sliding fit with the outer periphery of housing 60, sutlicient friction being provided between the magnet and the housing to prevent inadvertent movement of the magnet except when manually actuated. Magnet 80 attracts ring 70, and therefore, movement of the magnet along the outer periphery of the housing causes a corresponding movement of the electret along guide rod 71 within cavity 61. A rst peripheral flange 81 formed integral with the outer periphery of housing 60 limits the movement of the magnet in a downward direction, and a second peripheral ange 82 formed integral with the outer periphery of housing 60 limits the movement of the magnet in an upward direction to prevent damage to the components of the device. Whereas in the device shown in Fig. 1, the possibility exists that thedevice may be accidentally inverted or jarred causing theY electret to be positioned within the charging container before the device is completely discharged, it is apparent that the permanent magnet in the device shown in Fig. 2 prevents such accidental displacement of the electret.

Container 75, which is spaced from the inner periphery of the housing, is formed of a suitable electrically conductive material such as copper, iron or the like and a thin elongated exible electrode 85 formed of similar material is mounted at its lower end in a centrally located 6 extension 86 formed integral with wall 76.. Member 85 is so mounted in extension 86 that it is normallydisposed vin the position shown in Fig. 2 when the device is not charged.

An electrode 87 formed of an electrically conductive material similar to that of member 85 is secured to the container is secured at one end thereof to the outer pe-V riphery of the container by a small stud 92. An arm 93 extends perpendicularly hom the opposite end of mem-1 ber 91 and passes through opening 90, the outer end of arm 93 being formed as a sloping cam surfacer94. The natural resiliency of member 91 normally urges it into the position shown in Fig. 2; however, it is apparent that when electret 67 is moved into container 75, the outer periphery of the upper surface 68 of the electret will en-v gage cam surface 94 and urge arm 93 outwardly until rounded portion 95 thereof engages layer 64.

The operation of the device shown in Fig. 2 is as follows:

The housing is normally held in the position shown in the drawing with electret 67 disposed within storage container 65, and contact 91 is positioned such that portion 95 is out of contact with layer 64. When the device is completely discharged, electrode 85 is positioned as shown at its maximum distance away from knife edge 88. When it is desired to charge the device, ring is manually grasped and moved upwardly until it engages flange 82, moving electret 67 from container 65 into container 75 and camming contact 91 outwardly until portion 95 en-V gages layer 64 thereby electrically connecting container 75 to electrode 87 and container 65 through the intermediary of contact 91 and layer v64. Ring 80 is then manually returned to its original position, moving electret 67 back into container 65 and allowing portion 95 to disengage from layer 64.

Assuming that the upper surface 68 of the electret is positively charged and that the lower surface 69 thereof is negatively charged, container 75 and electrode 85 are then negatively charged and electrode 87 is positively charged in a manner similar to the charging of the electrodes of the device shown in Fig. 1 whereby electrode is attracted toward knife edge 88 and is positioned as shown in dotted lines on the drawing. The meter is then ready for operatiomand as it is subjected to radiation, the device discharges whereupon electrode 85 is urged to the left due to its natural resilience.

A substantially constant potential is developed between the electrodes of the devices shown in Figs. l and 2 due to the fact that the charge depends on the electrostatic polarization of the electret which remains substantially constant for indefinite periods of time. Although the configurations shown for the housing, containers and electrets are considered to be preferable, various'other congurations may be utilized if desired.

It is apparent from the foregoing that there is provided a new and novel radiation meter device which may be dependably used by unskilled personnel and that the dev vice is self-contained, requiring no external source of power.

teachings.

the scope of the appended claims therinventionlmay-be; '1' practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

The device is simple and inexpensive. in con-Y struction, yet rugged and reliable in operation. Y

Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light ,of the above.

It is therefore to be understood that within) I claim:

l. -radiation meterV device which comprises a hollowlhousing. formed of electrically nonconductive. mateprior to selective actuation thereof `from vthe radiation passing through said housing.

2. A device 'as dened in claim l including a charging member` electrically connectedto one ofrsaidelectrodes, a storage container for said electret means normally electrically insulated from said charging` member, and means for selectively-electrically connecting said charging member to the other of said electrodes. A.

3. A device as defined in claim l including a charging member electrically connected to one of said electrodes, a storage container for said electret means normally electrically insulated from said charging member, means for selectively electrically connecting said charging member to the other ofsai'd electrodes, said charging member being in the form of a container adapted to receive said electret means to createan electric potential between said electrodes, said storage container being substantially impervious to radioactive-radiations, and means mounted on' the inner peripheryof said storage container for providing a. short-circuit along the surface of said electret means.

4. A radiation meter device which comprises a hollow housing having an enclosed chamber formed therein, a thin layer of metallic material disposed on the inner periphery of said housing, a first electrode comprising an eccentric ring member supported within' said charnber and electrically connected to said layer, a second electrode comprising a needle pivotally supported by a charging container disposed within said chamber, resilient means urging said needle towarda stop member, said second electrode and said charging container being normally electrically insulated from said rst electrode, a storage container impervious to radioactive radiation disposed within said chamber and normally electrically insulated from-.said charging container, electret means normally positioned vwithin said storagecontainer and adapted Yto be selectively positioned Vwithin said'charging container, and means for selectively electrically connecting said charging container to said first electrode andl said storage container. J 5; A device as defined in claim-4 .wherein said lastmentioned means for selectively/.electrically connectingV said. charging containerto said rst electrodeV and said storage container includes a Vmovable contact supported by said chargingcontainer and adapted tomove into er1- gag'ement .wit'h'f said -iirst electrode. when said electret means is moved from said storage'contaner into said charging container.` f 7 Y Y 6. A device as defined in claimf4 including'means for.; guiding the movement of said electret means. Y

` 7. A radiation meter device which comprises a hollow housing having an enclosed chamber formed therein, a^ th' layer orf-metallic material disposed on theinner .-e phery of'said housing, a rst knife-edged.. electrode to said layer, a second electrode comprising -anl'erlon-V gated exible metallic member supportedfby a chargingv container disposed Vwithin said chamber, said second elecr trode being so mountedY as to be normally spaced fromV said-rst electrode, said second electrode and said chargingl container beingnormally electrically insulated from. said first electrode, a storage container normally elecf trically connected to said layer and electrically insulated from said charging container, electret means normally positioned within said storage container and adapted tok be selectively positioned within said charging container,- and means for selectively electrically connecting` said charging container to said'rst electrode. l 8. A device as dened in claim 7 wherein said.lastmentioned means comprises a movable contact supported by a lateral portion of said charging containerand normally biased away from said layer, said electret meansV being adapted to urge said movable contact into engage-` ment with said layerwhen said electret means is. moved into said charging container. Y

9. A device as dened in claim 12 including a me-. tallic member secured to an intermediate portion of saideiectret means, and magnetic means slidably ttedabout the outer periphery of said housing and adapted to move said metallic member and said Yelectret means when said. magnet is moved relative to said housing.

References Cited in the le Yof this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Futterknecht Apr. 10, 1956 supported within said chamber and electrically connectedv 

